Peripherals are external devices that connect to a computer to extend its input, output, or storage capabilities.

They fall into three main categories: input devices, output devices, and input/output (I/O) devices. Common input peripherals include keyboards, mice, trackpads, scanners, microphones, and webcams.

These devices allow users to enter data, control the system, and capture images or audio. For example, scanners are used in digitizing paper documents, while microphones support voice commands and communication in conferencing applications. Webcams are essential for video calls and biometric facial recognition in some security setups.

Output peripherals display or project data from the computer system to the user. These include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors. Monitors and projectors convert digital signals into visual output, with modern monitors supporting high resolutions, refresh rates, and technologies like HDR, G-Sync, and FreeSync.

Printers—such as inkjet, laser, and thermal printers—are used to produce physical copies of digital documents and images. Speakers and headphones output sound, supporting multimedia consumption, communication, and accessibility.

Some devices serve as both input and output—these are known as I/O peripherals. Examples include touchscreen displays, external hard drives, USB flash drives, external optical drives, and multifunction printers (MFPs) that can scan, print, copy, and fax.

Peripherals may connect via USB, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, HDMI, or DisplayPort, depending on the device’s function and bandwidth needs.

For CompTIA A+ technicians, understanding the purpose, interface, driver requirements, and troubleshooting process for each peripheral is critical in setting up functional systems, diagnosing user complaints, and maintaining performance standards across different environments.

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