Tech Docs
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Kerberos is a cross-platform network authentication protocol used to verify the identities of users, computers, applications, and services across a network. Originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kerberos uses secret-key cryptography and encrypted tickets instead of repeatedly transmitting a user’s password. Kerberos Version 5 is an open internet standard, allowing compatible systems from…
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Connecting a local personal computer to the public internet through a FortiGate firewall requires setting up a dedicated firewall policy with precise network address objects and Network Address Translation enabled. Network administrators must navigate to the Policy and Objects menu on the FortiOS dashboard and create a new firewall policy. After defining an intuitive policy…
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Power Efficiency Theory provides a framework for measuring the value progression of proof-of-work systems using observable changes in computational performance and energy efficiency. The Power Efficiency Index, or PEI, organizes that framework around several distinct price points: physical price, relative price and actual price. Physical price establishes the observed reference point, while relative price represents…
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SpaceX has received two U.S. Space Force task orders worth a combined $1.6 billion, covering 18 Falcon 9 launches for the military’s Space Based Sensing and Targeting portfolio. The missions will launch from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California and are expected to be completed by the end of 2027. The satellites are intended to…
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Bitcoin valuation models often begin with the same problem and arrive at very different answers. PlanB, known online as @100trillionUSD, introduced the Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow model in 2019 as a way to quantify scarcity and relate Bitcoin’s programmed supply schedule to market value. The Power Efficiency Index, developed by BitcoinVersus.tech, approaches valuation from the physical side…
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The Power Efficiency Index (PEI) is a mathematical valuation model within Power Efficiency Theory that compares changes in computational performance and energy efficiency with the market price of a proof-of-work asset. Developed by bitcoinversus.tech, PEI measures the growth in a network’s rate of compute alongside improvements in the energy required per unit of computation. In…
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Physical price is the lowest observed market price of a proof-of-work digital asset during a defined measurement period, typically a calendar year, and is used in Power Efficiency Index (PEI) analysis as the market’s closest observable expression of a network’s underlying digital-physical value at that time. Rather than representing the total replacement cost of mining…
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Ethereum’s final four years as a proof-of-work network provide a clean historical window for a Power Efficiency Index analysis. From 2018 through September 14, 2022, Ethereum still depended on mining hardware, network compute, and measurable energy efficiency. Its 2018 physical price was approximately $82.83, giving the PEI model a clear starting point. Over the following…
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Dogecoin’s 2022–2026 Power Efficiency Index (PEI) shows a large gap between DOGE’s market price and the physical progression of the Scrypt mining infrastructure that helps secure the network. Using Dogecoin’s 2022 market low of roughly $0.0528 as the physical baseline, PEI measures how network computation and mining-machine energy efficiency have changed over time. Dogecoin is…
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Power Efficiency Theory (PET) argues that the value of a physical or computational system should be influenced by two things improving at the same time: its performance increases and its energy cost per unit of output declines. In proof-of-work networks, this can be measured through factors such as network hashrate, mining-machine output, and ASIC efficiency.…
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Zcash’s resurgence is interesting because it gives us a useful Proof-of-Work comparison outside of Bitcoin. Over roughly the past four years, the Zcash network increased from about 8.2 GSol/s to 25.4 GSol/s, while leading Bitmain Equihash hardware improved from roughly 3.60 J/KSol to 3.15 J/KSol. Under the Power Efficiency Theory framework, that produces an estimated…
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An electrical schematic is a symbolic representation of how components within an electrical or electronic system are connected. Rather than attempting to reproduce the physical appearance of a circuit board or machine, schematics use standardized symbols to describe components and electrical relationships. A technician can therefore examine a schematic and understand the intended current paths,…
Bitcoin Versus 