Every desktop computer relies on a Power Supply Unit (PSU) to convert wall electricity into usable voltage levels that safely power internal components. The PSU takes in AC (Alternating Current) and outputs DC (Direct Current) in multiple voltages—typically +12V, +5V, and +3.3V—distributed to the motherboard, CPU, storage devices, and GPU.
Without proper power regulation, even the most powerful hardware becomes unstable or unusable.
Technicians must understand the form factors involved. Most standard systems use an ATX PSU, which fits ATX cases and supports a 24-pin motherboard connector. Smaller builds, like Mini-ITX, may use SFX power supplies for space efficiency. It’s critical to match the PSU to the form factor and wattage requirements of the build.
A+ candidates should also grasp wattage ratings and efficiency certifications like 80 PLUS Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum, which indicate how effectively the PSU converts power without waste.
Underrated PSUs can cause system instability, crashes, or component failure, while high-efficiency units reduce heat and electricity costs in long-running systems.
Beyond wattage, cable types matter. Modular, semi-modular, and non-modular PSUs differ in how the cables attach to the unit, affecting airflow and cable management. Knowing the difference between SATA power, Molex, PCIe 6/8-pin, and CPU 4/8-pin connectors is essential when installing or replacing a power supply.
When troubleshooting, technicians often begin by checking power connections, listening for fan activity, and using tools like power supply testers or multimeters.
A failed PSU may present as a dead system, random shutdowns, or no POST (Power-On Self-Test). In these cases, verifying voltage output and ensuring connectors are seated properly can resolve many issues before more invasive diagnostics are required.
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