Carrier statistics describe how electrons and holes are distributed among energy states in a semiconductor.

Using Fermi–Dirac statistics, scientists calculate the probability that a given energy level is occupied.

These probabilities determine the carrier concentration (number of electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band) under different conditions such as temperature or doping.

Carrier statistics are essential for predicting how semiconductors behave in devices like transistors, solar cells, and diodes.

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