Photon absorption and emission are fundamental processes in semiconductor physics that enable the operation of optoelectronic devices like solar cells, LEDs, and lasers.

Absorption occurs when a photon strikes the semiconductor and excites an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving behind a positively charged hole.

This transition creates an electron–hole pair, which can then contribute to electrical current or further interactions.

Emission is the reverse process: when an electron in the conduction band recombines with a hole in the valence band, it releases energy in the form of a photon.

This photon release can happen spontaneously, as in LEDs, or in a controlled, coherent manner known as stimulated emission, which is the principle behind laser operation. Together, these mechanisms allow semiconductors to convert light into electricity and vice versa, forming the backbone of modern photonic and electronic technologies.

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