semiconductors
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In semiconductor crystals, the atomic arrangement is defined by a combination of a Bravais lattice and a basis. The Bravais lattice provides the geometric framework—an infinite array of points arranged with translational symmetry—where each point has an identical environment. There are 14 unique Bravais lattices in three dimensions, grouped into seven crystal systems such as…
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful imaging technique that uses a beam of electrons transmitted through an ultrathin specimen to produce highly magnified images of its internal structure. TEM works by directing electrons through a sample that is typically less than 100 nanometers thick. As the electrons pass through, they interact with the atoms…
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