A peer-reviewed BMC Urology study published October 10, 2026, found that two early-career urologists outperformed GPT-5.2 Instant, Claude Sonnet 4.5 and Gemini 3 Pro Preview on the same 100 synthetic urological-cancer cases.
Humans led the comparison
The open-access study reported primary composite success of 89% and 85% for the two urologists, compared with 70% for GPT-5.2, 64% for Claude and 60% for Gemini. The cases covered five urological cancers and five decision categories, and all five answer sources were scored against the same 2025 European Association of Urology-based framework.
The safety gap was larger
Safety-critical errors appeared in 25% of GPT-5.2 responses, 25% of Claude responses and 26% of Gemini responses, versus 2% and 1% for the two doctors. Exact three-run stability among the LLMs was also limited: only 28.3% of tested vignette-model combinations reproduced the same full four-domain score profile across all three runs.
The result does not establish that doctors will always outperform AI. The study used synthetic vignettes, only two early-career clinician comparators and no external resources. It also did not test real patient outcomes. The authors reported no competing interests and no financial support.
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